ORIGINAL PAPER
Development of a Cost-Effective Educational Tool to Promote
Acceptance of the HPV Vaccination by Hispanic Mothers
Doerthe Brueggmann1 • Neisha Opper1 • Juan Felix2 • David A. Groneberg3 •
Daniel R. Mishell Jr.1 • Jenny M. Jaque1
Published online: 29 October 2015
Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Although vaccination against the Human
Papilloma Virus (HPV) reduces the risk of related morbidities, the vaccine uptake remains low in adolescents.
This has been attributed to limited parental knowledge and
misconceptions. In this cross sectional study, we assessed
the (1) clarity of educational material informing Hispanic
mothers about HPV, cervical cancer and the HPV vaccine,
(2) determined vaccination acceptability and (3) identified
predictors of vaccine acceptance in an underserved health
setting. 418 Hispanic mothers received the educational
material and completed an anonymous survey. 91 % of
participants understood most or all of the information
provided. 77 % of participants reported vaccine acceptance
for their children; this increased to 84 % when only those
with children eligible to receive vaccination were included.
Significant positive predictors of maternal acceptance of
the HPV vaccine for their children were understanding
most or all of the provided information, older age and
acceptance of the HPV vaccine for themselves. Concerns
about safety and general dislike of vaccines were negatively associated with HPV vaccine acceptance. Prior
knowledge, level of education, previous relevant gynecologic history, general willingness to vaccinate and other
general beliefs about vaccines were not significantly
associated with HPV vaccine acceptance. The majority of
participants reported understanding of the provided educational material. Vaccine acceptability was fairly high, but
was even higher among those who understood the information. This study documents a cost-effective way to
provide Hispanic mothers with easy-to-understand HPVrelated information that could increase parental vaccine
acceptability and future vaccine uptake among their
children.
Keywords HPV Vaccine acceptance Hispanic
Education
Introduction
The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is the most
common sexually transmitted disease in the United States
[1]. Nearly 80 million people are infected and at risk for
HPV related malignancies such as cervical, anal and
oropharyngeal cancers [2, 3]. In 2015, more than 12,000
American women will receive a cervical cancer diagnosis,
over 4000 will die due to the disease [4]. Ethnicity plays a
crucial role in cervical cancer epidemiology. Hispanic
women living in the US have a higher incidence and
mortality rate than white non-Hispanic females [5]. This
has been attributed to limited knowledge about the association between HPV and cancer, high HPV infection rates
and low compliance with screening and follow-up [6–8].
& Jenny M. Jaque
Jenny.Jaque@med.usc.edu
Doerthe Brueggmann
Doerthe.Brueggmann@med.usc.edu
Juan Felix
Juan.Felix@med.usc.edu
1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of
Southern California/Keck School of Medicine, 2020 Zonal
Avenue, IRD Office 509, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
2 Department of Pathology, University of Southern California/
Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
3 Department of Female Health and Preventive Medicine,
Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and
Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt,
Germany
123
J Community Health (2016) 41:468–475
DOI 10.1007/s10900-015-0116-z
According to future demographic projections, Hispanic
girls 10–14 years of age will experience a doubling in the
current cervical cancer numbers [7]. Hence, effective preventive strategies are needed to protect this particularly
vulnerable demographic.
The introduction of the HPV vaccine represents a
promising avenue to address HPV-related morbidity and
mortality. The vaccination has been shown to reduce the
risk of infection safely and effectively [9]. Although the
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends routine vaccination of both males and females aged
11 or 12 years, only 53.4 % of adolescent girls in the United
States initiated the first dose and a mere 33.4 % completed
the full course in 2012 [10]. These percentages remain
significantly below the Healthy People 2020 goals, which
aim at 80 % of eligible girls receiving all three doses [11].
The vaccination initiation in boys is even lower with 20.8 %
males receiving one dose of the vaccine and 6.8 % completing the full series [12]. Given the recommended age for
vaccination, parents often have decision-making authority
for their minor children. Limited parental knowledge and
misconceptions about HPV and the HPV vaccine have been
identified as major barriers for vaccination uptake [13, 14].
Hence, existing knowledge gaps have to be addressed.
Validated educational interventions tailored towards Hispanic parents are lacking. Also, Hispanic parents are less
likely to access and understand commonly available educational materials due to language barriers and lower levels
of acculturation [15, 16].
In this cross-sectional study, we created an educational
tool to deliver easy-to-understand, high-yield facts about
HPV, related conditions and preventive actions. Because
we targeted Hispanic mothers, the content was delivered
in Spanish. After distribution in our institution, we surveyed if our participants understood the educational
material and were willing to vaccinate their children or
themselves after reading it. We also determined predictive
factors of HPV vaccine acceptance to identify subpopulations that would benefit from specifically targeted educational efforts, and define particular messages that should
be incorporated.
Methods
Participants
Participants were recruited from the waiting area for the
women’s clinics by medical or public health personnel.
Content was distributed to 536 females. Spanish-speaking
participants between the ages of 18 and 65 with at least one
child were included in this analysis (n = 418).
Study Design
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board
(#APP-12-06971). Our educational pamphlet was designed
to summarize the likelihood of HPV contraction, its severe
consequences and the benefits of the HPV vaccine in ten
simple statements. To craft this tool, we included relevant
facts that addressed major knowledge barriers and misconceptions that parents reported as reasons against the
intention to vaccinate [17, 18]. The participants received
the educational material and completed an anonymous
survey after reading it. Both the educational pamphlet (see
‘‘Appendix’’) and the survey were written in the Spanish
and have been used extensively by one of the authors in
previous studies of demographically similar populations.
We investigated the following main outcome measures:
Our participant’s perceived level of understanding of the
provided information and acceptance of the HPV vaccine for
themselves and their children. The outcome, acceptance of the
HPV vaccine for their children, was measured in several ways.
Each person was asked both ‘‘Would you give permission for
your daughter to receive the HPV vaccine?’’ and ‘‘Would you
give permission for your son to receive the HPV vaccine?’’. All
other answers were coded as not willing to vaccinate, including
missing answers. Based on these answers, we developed a
derived variable for overall acceptance for all offspring.
We also investigated if secondary outcomes such as
HPV vaccination acceptance for themselves, prior knowledge about HPV, maternal age, religion, education, previous relevant gynecologic history, and general attitudes
towards vaccinations were associated with maternal HPV
vaccine acceptance.
Statistical Analysis
Sample characteristics were computed for the total sample,
using N (%) for categorical variables and M ± SD or
median (range) for continuous variables. Comparisons of
categorical characteristics by willingness to vaccinate were
made using Chi square tests or Fisher’s exact test when
then at least 20 % of cells were expected to have fewer
than five respondents. Mother’s age was compared with
independent t-tests and number of children was examined
using non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test. For bivariate
analyses, a significant difference is defined as p .05 and
a trend was considered if p[0.05, but p .099.
A prediction model was formulated using logistic
regression for willingness to vaccinate. All covariates with
a p value of .25 were initially included and then the
model was simplified using elimination. These models were
run for the entire sample. No a priori covariates were
established. Analyses were performed using STATA (v.13).
J Community Health (2016) 41:468–475 469
123
Results
Comprehension of the Information and Previous
Knowledge
65 % of participants reported understanding all of the
provided information, 26 % stated they understood some of
the information, 7 % understood very little and 2 %
understood none of the information provided (Fig. 1). To
assess prior knowledge about HPV and the vaccination, the
respondents were asked how much of the information
provided was familiar to them. 12 % of respondents felt
they already knew everything that they read about HPV and
the HPV vaccine in the informational sheet. 40 % felt they
knew some of the information provided, 34 % responded
that they had heard about HPV, but did not know much
before reading the information sheet and 14 % had never
heard of HPV (Fig. 2).
Acceptance of HPV Vaccine
Table 1 shows the overall vaccine acceptance levels of the
respondents. 77 % of the women included in this analysis
reported a willingness to permit their children to receive
the HPV-vaccine. 80 % stated they would allow their
daughters to receive the vaccine. 79 % of respondents
would allow their sons to be vaccinated. 85 % reported a
willingness to be vaccinated themselves.
Acceptance levels increased overall when analysis was
limited to only those personally eligible to receive the HPV
vaccine or those with eligible children (Table 2). 90 %
would accept the vaccine for themselves, 82 % would give
their daughters the permission to be vaccinated and 85 %
would allow their sons to receive the vaccine.
Table 3 summarizes the demographic characteristics of
the study population and the relationship between those and
HPV vaccine acceptability. The average age of study
participants was 46 years of age (45.64 ± 10.12 years).
They had three children, were mostly Catholics. 55 %
received an education up to a 8th grade, 45 % experienced
more than 8 years of education. 95 % of their children had
received a vaccination in the past, 5 % of these experienced
any side effects. Women who were willing to vaccinate their
children were significantly older (p = 0.0002), and more
likely to accept the HPV vaccination for themselves
(p .0001). Those who understood all or most of the
information provided were significantly more likely to be
willing to vaccinate their children than those who understood
little or none of the information provided (81 vs. 57 %,
p = 0.001, Table 3). Level of prior knowledge was not significantly associated with willingness to vaccinate
(p = 0.41). Further, no significant association between vaccine acceptance and number of children, religion, educational
Fig. 1 Depicts the comprehension of the respondents after reading
the educational pamphlet
Fig. 2 Summarizes the previous knowledge participants stated to
have regarding HPV, related conditions and the HPV vaccination
Table 1 HPV vaccine acceptance rates
Vaccine acceptance for self (n = 418)
Yes 84.69 (354)
No 4.07 (17)
I don’t know 7.89 (33)
Missing 3.35 (14)
Vaccine acceptance for daughters (n = 345)
Yes 80.00 (276)
No 2.90 (10)
I don’t know 10.14 (35)
Missing 6.96 (24)
Vaccine acceptance for sons (n = 321)
Yes 78.50 (252)
No 3.12 (10)
I don’t know 9.97 (32)
Missing 8.41 (27)
Vaccine acceptance for offspring (n = 418)
Yes 77.27 (323)
No 22.73 (95)
470 J Community Health (2016) 41:468–475
123
level, prior vaccination of their children or vaccine side
effects was documented.
General Beliefs About Vaccination
Table 4 summarizes the association between identification
with specific attitudes or beliefs about vaccines. Agreement
with the statement ‘‘I worry that some vaccines are not
good for my child’’ was significantly negatively associated
with willingness to permit vaccination (p .0001). Those
that agreed with this statement were significantly less likely
to report HPV vaccine acceptance for their children (66 %)
than those who were neutral (78 %) or those who disagreed
(93 %). A significant negative association was also found
between agreement with the statement ‘‘I don’t like
required vaccines because parents know what’s best for
their children.’’ and willingness to permit vaccination
(p = 0.002). Those that agreed with this statement were
less likely to report willingness to vaccinate (70 %) than
those who were neutral (76 %) or those who disagreed
Table 2 HPV vaccine acceptance rates among those eligible
Vaccine acceptance for self B26 (n = 10)
Yes 90.00 (9)
No 0 (0)
I don’t know 10.00 (1)
Missing 0 (0)
Vaccine acceptance for daughters 9–26 (n = 130)
Yes 82.31 (107)
No 1.54 (2)
I don’t know 9.23 (12)
Missing 6.92 (9)
Vaccine acceptance for sons 9–26 (n = 124)
Yes 84.68 (105)
No 3.23 (4)
I don’t know 7.26 (9)
Missing 4.84 (6)
Vaccine acceptance for offspring 9–26 (n = 146)
Yes 84.25 (123)
No 15.75 (23)
Table 3 Associations between demographic characteristics and vaccine acceptance for offspring
Total Willing to vaccinate Unwilling to vaccinate p value
Understood HPV Info (n = 381)
All or most 90.81 (346) 80.64 (279) 19.36 (67) 0.001
Little or none 9.19 (35) 57.14 (20) 42.86 (15)
Already knew HPV Info (n = 373)
All or most 54.69 (204) 79.90 (163) 20.10 (41) 0.41
Little or none 45.31 (169) 76.33 (129) 23.67 (40)
Age (n = 418) 45.64 ± 10.12 46.64 ± 10.07 42.25 ± 9.63 0.0002
Number of children (n = 418) 3 (1–10) 3 (1–10) 3 (1–8) 0.25
Religion (n = 415)
Catholic 80.63 (333) 78.08 (260) 21.92 (73) 0.58
Non-Catholic Christian 17.43 (72) 77.78 (56) 22.22 (16)
No religion 1.94 (8) 62.50 (5) 37.50 (3)
Highest education (n = 405)
Up to 8th grade 54.81 (222) 78.83 (175) 21.17 (47) 0.58
More than 8th grade 45.19 (183) 76.50 (140) 23.50 (43)
Past vaccination of children (n = 414)
Yes 94.69 (392) 77.81 (305) 22.19 (87) 0.70
No 3.86 (16) 75.00 (12) 25.00 (4)
I don’t know 1.45 (6) 66.67 (4) 33.33 (2)
Side effects from vaccines (n = 410)
Yes 5.12 (21) 76.19 (16) 23.81 (5) 0.24
No 92.68 (380) 78.42 (298) 21.58 (82)
I don’t know 2.20 (9) 55.56 (5) 44.44 (4)
Vaccine acceptance for self (n = 404)
Yes 87.62 (354) 85.59 (303) 14.41 (51) <0.0001
No 4.21 (17) 41.18 (7) 58.82 (10)
I don’t know 8.17 (33) 30.30 (10) 69.70 (23)
Bold values indicate statistical significance (p .05)
J Community Health (2016) 41:468–475 471
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(88 %). No additional significant associations were
observed between the other attitude statements and reported willingness to vaccinate. However, it is of note that
97 % of participant agreed with the statement ‘‘I think that
vaccines are important for the health of my children’’ and
93 % of participants agreed with the statement ‘‘I always
follow the advice of my child’s health care provider’’.
Relevant Gynecological History
When asked about their knowledge of their own gynecologic health, 10 % did not know if they ever had an
abnormal PAP test, 8 % did not know if they would ever
had a colposcopy, 2 % did not know if they had ever had a
hysterectomy (Table 5). There was no relationship between
willingness to vaccinate and reporting a history of abnormal PAP test, colposcopy or hysterectomy.
Discussion
HPV related educational materials tailored to Hispanic
parents are needed to minimize misconceptions counteracting HPV vaccination uptake by their children. Over 90 % of
Latina women included in our study reported understanding
most or all provided information about HPV, related conditions and the vaccine. This was independent of previous
knowledge and their level of education. The overall vaccine
acceptance was high. It increased when only those with
eligible children were included in the analysis. Further, a
higher level of comprehension was associated with an
increased willingness to vaccinate the offspring or oneself.
Prior knowledge, level of education, previous relevant
gynecologic history, general willingness to vaccinate and
other general considerations (such as access to a doctor or
costs) showed no association with HPV vaccine acceptance.
As reported by Sanderson et al. [19], only 61 % of Hispanic mothers living at the Texas-Mexican Border allowed
their eligible daughters to receive the vaccine versus the
84 % in our study. Since exposure to HPV-related information is a predictor for parental vaccine acceptance [13]
and given that level of understanding was associated with
vaccine acceptance in our sample, it is not unreasonable to
conclude that this difference might be attributed to the easyto-understand educational material we distributed in our
study. We targeted Hispanic mothers because they are crucial to any HPV vaccination program’s success. They are the
primary decision makers in their children’s medical care and
their preferred source of healthcare information [18, 20].
Although parental consent for the vaccination is not needed
in each of the US States, most adolescents are reluctant to
undergo any medical intervention without approval of their
caretakers [21]. Latina mothers stated lack of knowledge as
an important reason not to support HPV vaccine uptake [22].
Hence, we crafted our educational tool to address major
barriers that were reported as reasons against the intention to
Table 4 Association between
attitudes and beliefs and vaccine
acceptance for offspring
Total Willing to vaccinate Unwilling to vaccinate p value
I think that vaccines are important for the health of my children
Agree 96.51 (387) 79.59 (308) 20.41 (79) 0.37
Neutral 2.49 (10) 80.00 (8) 20.00 (2)
Disagree 1.00 (4) 50.00 (2) 50.00 (2)
I worry that some vaccines are not good for my children
Agree 28.70 (99) 65.66 (65) 34.34 (34) <0.0001
Neutral 25.80 (89) 77.53 (69) 22.47 (20)
Disagree 45.51 (157) 92.99 (259) 7.01 (11)
I always follow the advice of my child’s health care provider about vaccines
Agree 93.16 (354) 79.66 (282) 20.34 (72) 0.14
Neutral 6.32 (24) 91.67 (22) 8.33 (2)
Disagree 0.53 (2) 50.00 (1) 50.00 (1)
I don’t like required vaccines because parents know what’s best for their children
Agree 21.45 (74) 70.27 (52) 29.73 (22) 0.002
Neutral 15.94 (55) 76.36 (42) 23.64 (13)
Disagree 62.61 (216) 87.50 (189) 12.50 (27)
I am more confident in old vaccines than new vaccines
Agree 24.50 (86) 76.74 (66) 23.26 (20) 0.47
Neutral 43.30 (152) 82.24 (125) 17.76 (27)
Disagree 32.19 (113) 83.19 (94) 16.81 (19)
Bold value indicates statistical significance (p .05)
472 J Community Health (2016) 41:468–475
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vaccinate. These barriers included lacking knowledge about
a connection between HPV and cervical cancer, the efficacy
of the vaccine and the optimal time in a girl’s life to be
vaccinated [17, 18]. According to the Theory of Planned
Behavior, parental vaccine acceptance is a necessary step to
actual vaccine uptake [23, 24]. Hence, our educational tool
aims to influence normative beliefs of the parents as a relevant reference group. We hypothesize, if we can affect the
mother’s attitude towards vaccination, it will serve as an
important predictor of her intention to vaccinate her children
in the future.
To ensure success of an age-based vaccination strategy
in the Hispanic demographic, it is also important to
understand why Latina mothers may refuse the HPV vaccine after information about its relevance has been provided. In our study, younger women and mothers who
declined vaccinations because of safety and autonomy
concerns were also less likely to permit the HPV vaccination for their children. This finding extends previously
reported links between reduced vaccine acceptance and
misconceptions about certain vaccinations (e.g., the misreported connection between autism and the MMR vaccination, [25]. Additionally, it strongly suggests the importance
of including related educational messages, such as information about general vaccine safety and efficacy, in educational interventions.
Acceptance of the HPV vaccine for oneself served as a
significant positive predictor of HPV vaccine acceptability.
In contrast, relevant personal gynecological events (e.g.,
abnormal PAP results, colposcopy and/or hysterectomy)
were not identified as significant predictors. This latter
finding was surprising since it is inconsistent with the
Health Belief Model. This model predicts that women
affected by a relevant gynecological history would be more
likely to accept the vaccine for their children [19]. Our
study may provide evidence for an explanation: In order for
gynecologic history to predict vaccine acceptance, a person
must be aware of the connection between the two. The
combination of low level of education, low topic-specific
knowledge and low awareness of their gynecologic health
status (as indicated by the fact that 2 % of respondents did
not know if they had ever had a hysterectomy) shows that
our population may lack the necessary information to make
this connection. However, our study results align with data
in the literature describing equivocal findings in regards to
personal gynecological history predicting vaccine acceptability [8, 26–29].
We are aware that receiving a pamphlet is not a substitute for an educational intervention by a trained healthcare provider. Parents identified health care providers as
the preferred source to receive HPV related information
from [13]. Our study underscores this important role of
health care professionals in educating the parents. 93 % of
participants agreed with the statement ‘‘I always follow the
advice of my child’s health care provider’’. However,
health education can be challenging when time is sparse.
Our study findings suggest that patient education does not
always have to be solely based on a personal conversation.
We delivered HPV related information by an easy-to-understand pamphlet. This can equip and prepare the mothers
with necessary knowledge for a meaningful educational
intervention by the healthcare provider. Besides Pediatricians, Obstetricians/Gynecologists and Family Medicine
specialists may be in a key position to improve adolescent
HPV vaccination levels through existing relationships with
their mothers [21]. Maternal cancer screenings, specifically
breast and cervical cancer screening exams, could be used
as ‘‘teachable moments’’. Numerous studies showed that a
physician’s recommendation increases parental acceptance
and will translate into future vaccine initiation [14, 30–32].
Since only 22 % of parents with daughters eligible for the
vaccine reported that they were given a vaccine recommendation by their doctor [5], we want to stress that each
consultation is an invaluable opportunity for a health care
Table 5 Gynecological health
and history Total Willing to vaccinate Unwilling to vaccinate p value
Abnormal PAP
Yes 17.23 (66) 72.73 (48) 27.27 (18) 0.34
No 72.85 (279) 80.65 (225) 19.35 (54)
I don’t know 9.92 (38) 76.32 (29) 23.68 (9)
Colposcopy
Yes 19.37 (74) 77.03 (57) 22.97 (17) 0.36
No 72.77 (278) 80.58 (224) 19.42 (54)
I don’t know 7.85 (30) 70.00 (21) 30.00 (9)
Hysterectomy
Yes 20.80 (83) 72.29 (60) 27.71 (72) 0.24
No 77.69 (310) 80.65 (250) 19.35 (2)
I don’t know 1.50 (6) 83.33 (5) 16.67 (1)
J Community Health (2016) 41:468–475 473
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provider to touch on HPV related topics and to increase the
patient’s health literacy.
Our study provides Spanish-language educational material tailored to Hispanic mothers. Hence, the tool is suited for
similar health care settings such as community clinics and
county hospitals that provide services to a comparable,
underserved Hispanic population. Assessing understandability of the material was a reasonable first step in validating
the pamphlet we developed. It is a limitation of the study that
the understanding of the material was self-reported by the
participants. We did not test for a gain in knowledge after
reading the pamphlet, any causal relationship between vaccine acceptance and the understood educational content or
efficacy of our intervention. We also did not evaluate the
initiation of future vaccine uptake by the offspring. Further,
our participants came from the women’s clinic waiting room
and may not be representative of those who are not already
connected to or seeking medical care. We plan future steps to
address the limitations of the study: Knowledge gained after
reading of the pamphlet will be assessed by a pre-and posttest
survey. Further, we plan to repeat the study under employment of a control group that will not receive any educational
material and to assess if combining the pamphlet with a
second source of information in a telenovela/radionovela
format might strengthen the educational messages.
This study assessed a simple educational intervention
tailored to Latina mothers and showed encouraging results:
Providing a pamphlet about HPV and HPV vaccine could
influence acceptance of the vaccine in a beneficial, easy and
cost effective way—not requiring a timely personal conversation, expensive media advertisements or smart phone apps.
Our pamphlet delivered ten easy to understand facts. It was
cost effective, easy to replicate and can be implemented in
every health care setting. Previous knowledge about HPV or
level of education did not predict vaccine acceptance for
offspring, whereas increased levels of vaccine acceptance
was seen in women reporting good understanding of the
information given to them by a credible professional source.
This study underlines the importance to provide information
about HPV and the HPV vaccination to Latina mothers
because this could translate into vaccine acceptability and
possible vaccine initiation in the future. In this process the
role of the trusted health care provider is a very important one.
Topics like the high likelihood of HPV contraction, its severe
consequences and benefits and safety of the HPV vaccine
should be addressed in patient encounters to fill in existing
knowledge gaps, address misconceptions and increase successful informed decision-making in this demographic.
Acknowledgments This research was performed at the LAC ? USC
Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. We thank all our
patients who participated on this study. This study was not supported by
any grant funding.
Appendix
Educational Pamphlet
¡Hola!
Por favor lea la siguiente informacio´n.
Hechos Sobre el Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH)
1. El VPH se contagia por actividad sexual.
2. El VPH es muy comu´n (por lo menos 50 % de las
personas que tienen sexo tendra´ VPH en algu´n
momento de sus vidas).
3. La mayorı´a de las personas que tienen VPH no
saben que lo tiene.
4. Hay muchas clases de VPH y no todos ellos causan
problemas de salud.
5. Solo algunas clases de VPH causan problemas de
salud como verrugas genitales o ca´ncer cervical
(ca´ncer del cuello del u´tero).
6. La mayorı´a de mujeres que tienen VPH NO
desarrollara´n ca´ncer cervical (ca´ncer del cuello
del u´tero), y posiblemente no podra´n sanar sin un
tratamiento me´dico.
7. Los condones no siempre protegen del contagio del
VPH.
8. Ud. puede desarrollar VPH sin haber tenido una
penetracio´n sexual; el virus es transmitido por el
contacto de genitales y no por el intercambio de
fluidos corporales.
9. No hay cura para el VPH, pero hay tratamientos
para los problemas como verrugas genitales y para
el ca´ncer cervical (ca´ncer del cuello del u´tero) que
es causado por el VPH.
10. Hay una nueva vacuna para los tipos de VPH que
frecuentemente causan el ca´ncer cervical (ca´ncer
del cuello del u´tero) y las verrugas genitales. Esta
vacuna es ma´s efectiva si se le da a la persona
antes de convertirse sexualmente activa. La vacuna del VPH esta´ disponible para nin˜as mayores
de los nueves an˜os.
Gracias por leer esta informacio´n!
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